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Top: Jewish Criminals& Spies: Julius andEthel Rosenberg: History of the Rosenbergs

On August 6, 1945 an American bomber dropped the atomic bomb onthe Japanese city of Hiroshima, killing approximately 100,000 people. With this event the United States showedthe world that they now solely possessed the world's most powerful weapon. The U.S. tried to make sure they werethe only ones in the world who knew how to make it. On September 23, 1949 the Russians exploded their own atomicbomb. Had U.S. secrets not been protected? At the time, it seemed highly unlikely that the Russians could havedeveloped this bomb on their own. It seemed that Russian spies living in the U.S. had somehow obtained the informationto help construct the bomb. At first, no one had a clue to who these spies could be however, soon the FBI conducted aninvestigation and several arrests were made. Eventually they found two people who seemed to be the ringleaders ofthe spies who stole the secrets Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The Rosenbergs were convicted and sentenced to death becauseof the testimony of Ethel's brother David Greenglass, the use of Ethel by the government to coerce her husbandinto confessing, and the blinding fear of communism in the United States as a result of the growing power ofthe USSR.

The arrests of the Rosenbergs were a direct result of the confessionof David Greenglass, Ethel Rosenberg's brother who was arrested by the FBI. Greenglass worked at a secret base in LosAlamos, New Mexico where he was in a position to learn some of the secrets of constructing the atomic bomb. He admittedthat he has given some of these secrets to a Russian agent, but only because of Julius Rosenberg's urging him todo so. Because of this confession, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested and charged with conspiracy to commit espionage.David Greenglass was the chief witness in the case against the Rosenbergs. In his testimony, he explained thatwhile he was working in Los Alamos, his wife, Ruth, was living in New York and that one day Julius Rosenberg confrontedher saying that her husband was working on the atomic bomb. Julius Rosenberg supposedly also said to her that herhusband would help humanity if he would share the secrets of the atomic bomb to the Russians. The Russians were our allies,and also it would be better if two countries had the bomb. Greenglass also claimed that Julius Rosenberg set upthe entire espionage operation. Rosenberg had given him a half torn up label from a box of Jell-O and told him that theperson who would contact him to get the secrets would have the other half. Secrets, however, were also given directlyto Rosenberg and his wife would help type up the secrets he received. Greenglass and his wife Ruth both told the samestory of how the Rosenbergs were Russian spies.

Yet another aspect of the reasons surrounding the conviction ofthe Rosenbergs was the use of Ethel against Julius. It has been argued that "Ethel's arrest, more than a month after herhusband's was a cold-blooded effort to pressure Julius into confessing and informing "(Cohen, 51). The FBI and the prosecutorsfelt that Julius was totally devoted to Ethel and that he would do anything not to bring harm to her. They also knew thatshould Ethel be convicted with Julius, their young sons, Michael, born in 1943 and Robert, in 1947, would be left alone.The government felt that the threat of abandonment of the two boys would also secure Julius's confession.Many people argue that Ethel had little if anything to do with the Communist spy ring. The most she did was type some materialsand was present at her husband's side during a few crucial meetings. Since the FBI and prosecutors had virtuallyno case against Ethel Rosenberg, it is rumored that the Greenglasses may have been persuaded to embellish Ethel's rolein the whole fiasco. Despite the lack of a case against Ethel, she still took the stand and faced cross-examinationstrongly with the same story as her husband. Ruth Greenglass had much more to do with the stealing of atomic secretsbut she was never indicted . In the end it came down to the jury and to who they would believe. "They could eitherbelieve David and Ruth Greenglass or Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, but they could not believe both" (Arbetman, 78). Thejury choose to believe the Greenglasses. The jury found the Rosenbergs guilty and two months later Judge Irving Kaufmansentenced them to death. They were executed in 1953.

However, more was involved in this case than simply the guilt orinnocence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. (Arbetman, 81). After World War II America found themselves confronting the SovietUnion and the threat of communism. With the increasing strength of the Soviet Union, the threat of communism overtakingthe world was also expanding. This fear of communism resulted in increased tensions between the USSR and the U.S.and ultimately brought about the American policy of containment. Our intervention in the Korean War was a directresult of our containment policy. This policy was extremely anti-Soviet and anti-communistic, therefore it did nothingto ease the tensions of the Cold War on either country. And as the Cold War became more and more intense, Americansbecame more and more frightened. At the same time, they became willing to accept the notions of Joseph McCarthyand his prosecution of suspected communists at home. The thought of communist ideas and people infiltrating intoAmerican life was not acceptable and so when the case of the Rosenbergs was brought to light many people were willingto condemn the Rosenbergs because, at the time, Americans needed something to place the blame on and the Rosenbergsbecame America's scapegoat.

Driven by a story-line which saw the Cold War as an apocalypticstruggle with the forces of evil and saw the atom bomb as a "secret" which America somehow "owned" andwhich therefore could be lost only by theft, the FBI and the prosecutors needed traitors and, somehow found the Rosenbergs" (Cohen,48). To this day the guilt of the Rosenberg's remains questionable. America's fear of communism, the Rosenberg'strial and prosecution, the testimony of David Greenglass, and the use of Ethel as a "lever" against Juliusresulted in the conviction of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg and ultimately sent them to their unjust deaths.

Abertman, Lee, and Richard L. Roe. Great Trials in American HistoryNew York: West PublishingCompany, 1995.

Aymar, Brant and Sagarin, Edward. World's Greatest Trials. New York:Bonanza Books, 1989.

Cohen, Jacob. "The Rosenberg File." National Review19July 1993: 48-52

Dobbs, Michael. "Julius Rosenberg Spied, Russian Says."16 March 1997

Neville, John F. The Press, the Rosenbergs, and the Cold War. London:Praeger, 1995. "Rosenberg's Guilt." April 1997.

Schneir, Walter and Schnier, Miriam. "Cryptic Answers."The Nation. 14/21 Aug. 1997 52-53

Tornburn, David. "The Rosenberg Letters." Rosenberg Bar.21 May 1997.